Research - TCP/IP over Air Links - Transport Approaches

Literature Scanning - A List, Temporarily  (ls -alt)

• Non-Congestion_Packet_Loss_Detection@Aberdeen
 
• N. K. G. Samaraweera. Non-congestion packet loss detection for TCP error recovery using wireless links. IEE Proc. Comm., 146(4):222-230, 1999

... On detection of a packet loss, the transmitter compares the currently measured round trip delay with a calculated delay threshold (which is equivalent to the delay at the knee point). If it is less than the threshold value, it concludes that the network has been under-utilised. The transmitter, therefore, assumes any packet loss as a non-congestion loss and retransmits the corresponding packet selectively using fast retransmission, but does not involve the congestion avoidance measure (which would have resulted in a decreased window size). Otherwise, the trans-mitter considers it may be a congestion loss and reduces the transmission rate. ...

• Mobility_Socket@ANU@AU
 
• X. Qu, Y. X. Yu, J.X. An analysis of mobile TCP/IP solutions. Proc. ICICS'97, 235-240

... Our two-step solution employs different way: the portability is supported in IP layer and mobility in socket layer, which has better system performance. ...

• Triggered_Fast_Retransmission@MITL
 
• Ramon Caceres, Liviu Iftod. Improving the performance of reliable transport protocol in mobile computing environment. IEEE J-SAC, 13(5):850-857, 1995

We show how current TCP implementations introduce unacceptably long pauses in communication during cellular handoffs (800 ms and longer), and propose an end-to-end fast retransmission scheme that can reduce these pauses to levels more suitable for human interaction (200 ms).

• Mobile-TCP@Cornell
 
• Zygmunt J. Haas. Mobile-TCP: an asymmetric transport protocol design for mobile systems. Proc. IEEE ICC'97, 1054-1058, 1997

In this paper, we advocate the use, propose the design, and describe the implementation of an asymmetric transport-layer protocol for mobile systems. ... We have devised and implemented an example of such a communication protocol, termed by us Mobile-TCP that provides the TCP functionality. Although Mobile-TCP is based on the indirect interaction model, the semantics of the TCP protocol are preserved.

• MSOCKS@CMU
 
• D. A. Maltz, P. Bhagwat. MSOCKS: an architecture for transport layer mobility. Proc. IEEE 17th InfoCom'98, 1037-1045, 1998 [transport layer mobility, TCP-Slice]

We present an architecture called Transport Layer Mobility that allows mobile nodes to not only change their point of attachment to the Internet, but also to control which network interfaces are used for the different kinds of data leaving from and arriving ut the mobile node. We implement our transport layer mobility scheme using a split-connection proxy architecture and a new technique called TCP Splice that gives split-connection proxy systems the same end-to-end semantics as normal TCP connections.

• NACK@HKUST
 
• A. Chan, D. H. K. Tsang, S. Gupta. TCP (transmission control protocol) over wireless links. Proc. IEEE 47th VTC'97, 1326-1330, 1997

In this paper, we use simple analysis on the TCP window dynamics to determine the end-to-end throughput of a TCP connection with a wireless link and to demonstrate the impact of high error rate in wireless environment. To improve the performance of TCP in wireless environment, a simple modification to TCP, which uses negative acknowledgment as an explicit notification for packet corruption is proposed. demonstrate how the throughput is affected by the relatively high error rate of wireless channels.

• PROBE/BUFFER+FREEZE@HKUST
 
• A. Chan, D. H. K. Tsang, S. Gupta. Impact of handoff on TCP performance in mobile wireless computing. Proc. IEEE ICPWC'97, 184-188, 1997

In this paper, we present three phenomena observed (long communication pause, slow post-handoff recovery, and successive timeouts) which are the main causes for TCP performance degradation in the presence of handoff. To alleviate these effects on TCP, two schemes, PROBE and BUFFER+FREEZE, are proposed. PROBE makes TCP aware of mobility and adapts the protocol to the mobile environment. Whereas, BUFFEFl+FREEZE tries to hide the effects of motion from TCP by buffering at the base-station and freezing the action of the TCP source.

• Mowgli@Helsinki@FI
 
• M. Kojo, K. Raatikainen, M. Liljeberg, J. Kiiskinen, T. Alanko. An efficient transport service for slow wireless telephone links. IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm., 15(7):1337-1348, 1997

... One possible solution is to split the end-to-end communication path into two parts, and to establish a separate control for each part. ... One of its main components is the Mowgli data channel service (MDCS), which transparently replaces the standard TCP/IP core protocols over the slow wireless link. ...
• M. Liljeberg, H. Helin, M. Kojo, K. Raatikainen. Mowgli WWW software: improved usability of WWW in mobile WAN environments. Proc. IEEE GlobeCom'96, 33-37, 1996
• M. Liljeberg, T. Alanko, M. Kojo, H. Laamanen, K. Raatikainen. Optimizing World-Wide Web for weakly connected mobile workstations: An indirect approach. Proc. 2nd Int'l Workshop on Services in Distributed and Networked Environment, 132-139, 1995

• TCP-R@KEIO@JP
 
• D. Funato, K. Yasuda, H. Tokuda. TCP-R: TCP mobility support for continuous operation. Proc. IEEE ICNP'97, 229-236, 1997

The TCP-R (TCP Redirection) is an extension of TCP, which maintains active TCP connections when the disconnection occurs due to the change of the IP address or the change of the network device. ...

• MHP@UKent
 
• Raj Yavakar, Namrata Bhagawat. Improving end-to-end performance of TCP over mobile internetworking. Proc. IEEE MCSA'94, 146-152, 1994

The central idea in our approach is to transparently split an end-to-end connection into two separate connections; one over the wireless link and other over the wired path. The connection over the wireless link may either use regular TCP or a specialized transport protocol optimized for better performance over a wireless link.

• WTCP@Northeasten
 
• Karu Ratnam, Ibrahim Matta. WTCP: an efficient mechanism for improving TCP performance over wireless links. Proc. IEEE ISCC'98, 74-78, 1998

... We present an efficient transmission control scheme (WTCP) that requires the base station to buffer data packets destined for the mobile host and retrans-mit lost packets. ... One salient feature of WTCP is that it effectively hides the time spent by the base station to locally re-cover so that the TCP's round trip time estimation at the source is not affected. ...
• Karu Ratnam, Ibrahim Matta. Effect of local retransmission at wireless access points on the round trip time estimation of TCP. Proc. 31st Annual Simulation Symp., 150-156, 1998 [comparing WTCP and snoop]

• Split-Acknowledgment@Pusan@Kr
 
• K. Jin, K. Kim, J. Lee. SPACK: rapid recovery of the TCP performance using SPlit-ACK in mobile communication environments. Proc. IEEE TenCon'99, 761-674, 1999

... we present a new acknowledgement scheme namely SPACK. When base station detects packet losses, SPACK splits the newly arrived acknowledgement packet into several ones and transfers them to fixed host. The fixed host, received several acknowledgement packets, increases the window size rapidly, thus the performance of TCP quickly recovers. ...

• I-TCP@Rutgers
 
• A. Bakre, B.R. Badrinath. I-TCP: indirect TCP for mobile hosts. Proc. IEEE ICDCS'95, 136-143, 1995

... We describe I-TCP, which is an indirect transport layer protocol for mobile hosts. ...
• A. V. Bakre, B. R. Badrinath. Implementation and performance evaluation of Indirect TCP. IEEE Trans. on Computers, 46(3):260-278, 1997
• A. Fieger (TU-BS@DE), M. Zitterbart. Evaluation of migration support for indirect transport protocols. Proc. IEEE GlobeCom'97, 1953-1957, 1997

... The migration approach presented in [2] interrupts transport communication up to 1.4 seconds. Our approach reduces communication pauses to 7.5 milliseconds. This is achieved by the so called delayed migration approach, that enables transport layer communication while state information of the transport protocol is transferred to the new gateway. ...
• A. Fieger, M. Zitterbart. Migration support for indirect transport protocols. Proc. IEEE ICUPC'97, 898-902, 1997
• A. Fieger, A. Boger, M. Zitterbart. Migrating state information in mobile environments. Proc. IEEE 6th ICDCS'97, 1997
• V. Chim (UBC@CA), V. C. M. Leung. End-to-end acknowledgments for indirect TCP over wireless internetworks. Proc. IEEE PacRim'97, 774-777, 1997 [end-to-end acknowledgment of I-TCP]

... We propose a modification to I-TCP to maintain the end-to-end semantics, by delaying acknowledgments to the sender until correct reception of the corresponding data at the end host TCP receiver is verified. Preliminary simulation results indicate that our modified I-TCP with end-to-end acknowledgments does not compromise the performance gain obtained by I-TCP. Rather, a slight performance increase is seen at low bit error rates.

• ICMP/DEFER/RETRANSMIT@IIT@IN
 
• S. Goel, D. Sanghi. Improving TCP performance over wireless links. Proc. IEEE TenCon.'98, 332-335, 1998

... In this paper, we have proposed enhancements to TCP [ICMP-DEFER, and ICMP-RETRANSMIT] so that it can differentiate between a loss due to congestion, and a loss due to noise in the wireless link. ...

• Snoop@UCB
 
• H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, E. Amir, R. H. Katz. Improving TCP/IP performance over wireless networks. Proc. ACM MobiCom'95, 2-11, 1995
• E. Amir, H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, R. H. Katz. Efficient TCP over networks with wireless links. Proc. 5th HoTOS'95, 35-40, 1995

... In this paper we describe a simple protocol that improves TCP performance by modifying network-layer software only at a base station without violating end-to-end TCP semantics. The main idea is to cache packets at the base station and perform local retransmissions. ...

• Mobile_TCP@UIUC
 
• Michael Stangel, Vaduvur Bharghavan. Improving TCP performance in mobile computing environment. Proc. IEEE ICC'98, 584-589, 1998

We demonstrate the insufficiency of network layer mobility protocols to preserve high-performance operation of reliable transport protocols such as TCP under certain circumstances. We also introduce a mobility-aware transport, Mobile TCP, that maintains robust operation despite lossy mobile activity.

• WTCP_CDPD@UIUC
 
• P. Sinha, N. Venkitaraman, R. Sivakumar, V. Bharghavan. WTCP: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Wireless Wide-Area Networks. Proc. ACM MobiCom '99, 1999
• P. Sinha, N. Venkitaraman, T. Nandagopal, R. Sivakumar, V. Bharghavan. A wireless transmission control protocol for CDPD. Proc. IEEE WCNC'99, 953-957, 1999

In [7], we presented WTCP, a reliable transport protocol that is designed to operate efficiently and fairly over wireless wide area networks. WTCP is rate-based, uses only end-to-end mechanisms, performs rate control at the receiver, and uses the ratio of sending rate to receiving rate as as the primary metric for rate control. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of WTCP over CDPD networks.

• M.E.T.P@Maryland
 
• Kuang-Yeh Wang, Satish K. Tripathi. Mobile-end transport protocol: an alternative to TCP/IP over wireless links. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'98, 1046-1053, 1998

... This paper proposes a new protocol that (1) replaces TCP/IP over the wireless link by a simpler protocol with smaller headers, if the link is the last hop along a data path, (2) shifts functions needed to communicate with an Internet host using TCP/IP from the mobile host to the base station, so that the distinct wireless link is hidden from the out-side Internet, and (3) exploits link-layer acknowledgments and re-transmissions to quickly recover losses over the wireless link. last hop along a data path.

• M-TCP@South_Carolina
 
• Kevin Brown, Suresh Singh. M-TCP: TCP for mobile cellular networks. ACM SIGCOMM CCR 27(5):19-43, 1997

• Freeze-TCP@SUNY
 
• T. Goff, J. Moronski, D. S. Phatak, V. Gupta. Freeze-TCP: a true end-to-end TCP enhancement mechanism for mobile environments. Proc. IEEE 19th InfoCom'2000, 1537-1545, 2000

... A mobile node can certainly monitor signal strengths in the wireless antennas and detect an impending handoff; and in certain cases, might even be able to predict a temporary disconnection (if the signal strength is fading, for instance). In such a case, it can advertise a zero window size, to force the sender into the ZWP mode and prevent it from dropping its congestion window.

• LHACK@UT_Austin
 
• Jorge A. Cobb, Prathirma Agrawal (AT&T). Congestion or corruption? a strategy for efficient wireless TCP sessions. Proc. IEEE ISCC'95, 262-268, 1995

... We present a new acknowledgment strategy to improve the performance of TCP sessions that originate or terminate in noisy wireless networks for mobile computers.

• ESBN@TAMU
 
• B. S. Bakshi, P. Krishna, N. H. Vaidya, D. K. Pradhan. Improving performance of TCP over wireless networks. Proc. IEEE 17th ICDCS'97, 365-373, 1997

... In this paper, we study the effect of (a) burst errors on wireless links, (b) packet size variation on the wired network, (c) local error recovery by the base station, and (d) explicit feedback by the base station, on the performance of TCP over wireless networks. ...

• Delayed_Duplicated_Acknowledgment@TAMU
 
• N. H. Vaidya, M. Mehta, C. Perkins, G. Montenegro. Delayed duplicated acknowledgments: a TCP-unware approach to improve performance of TCP over wireless. TR-99-003, TAMU, 1999

• Lossguess_by_Interarrival_time@TAMU
 
• S. Biaz, N. H. Vaidya. Discriminating congestion losses from wireless losses using inter-arrival times at the receiver. Proc. IEEE ASSET'99, 10-17, 1999 [wireless is the last hop and is the bottleneck]

... The scheme works in the case where the last hop to the receiver is a wireless link and has the smallest band-width among all links on the connection path. ...
• S. Biaz, N. H. Vaidya. Distinguishing congestion losses from wireless transmission losses: a negative result. Proc. IEEE 7th ISCC'98, 722-731, 1998 [lossguess on general case is difficult]

... We define a class of functions named loss predictors which may be used by a TCP sender to guess the actual cause of a packet loss (congestion or transmission error) and take appropriate actions. These loss predictors use simple statistics on round-trip times and/or throughput, to determine the cause of a packet loss. We investigate their ability to determine the cause of a packet loss. Unfortunately, our simulation measurements suggest that the three loss predictors do not perform too well.

• TCP-Smart@WISC
 
• M. Elaoud, P. Ramanathan. TCP-Smart: A technique for improving TCP performance in a spotty wide band environment. Proc. IEEE ICC'2000, 2000

• Others
 
• V. Tsaoussidis, H. Badr. TCP-Probing: Towards an Error Control Schema with Energy and Throughput Performance Gains. Proc. IEEE ICNP'2000, 2000

... In this work we propose "grafting" two components of strategic significance onto standard TCP: a Probing mechanism and an Immediate Recovery strategy. ...
• D. Bansal, A. Chandra, R. Shorey. An extension of the TCP flow control algorithm for wireless networks. Proc. IEEE ICPWC'99, 207-210, 1999

... lossguess by comparing loss interval (in time) and slow-start threshold...
• B. Maruthi, A. K. Somani, M. Azizoglu. Interference robust TCP. Proc. 12th Fault-Tolerant Computing, 102-109, 1999 [IR-TCP]

... We then present Interference Robust TCP (IR-TCP), which is a transport layer protocol that improves the transport layer performance as compared to TCP in the presence of lossy links such as those in wireless networks. IR-TCP is interference aware and uses the interference information from the link layer for its recovery procedure. IR-TCP is backward compatible and does not affect performance during normal operation or congestion, while providing significant performance improvement during interference. ...
• T. Ma, J. Wu. Improving TCP performance in IP networks with wireless links. Proc. IEEE ICPWC'99, 211-215, 1999 [Fast-TCP, ack congestion control]
• K. Akabane, H. Nakase, E. Kudoh. Error control scheme for TCP packet radio systems. Proc. IEEE 50th VTC'99-Fall, 339-342, 1999 [discarding TCP retransmission and suppressing delay fluctation]

... One scheme is based on the discard of TCP retransmission packets, and the other is based on the suppression of transmission delay fluctuation on the radio link. data segment packet. ...
• B. Chun, B. Lee. Auxiliary timeout and selective packet discard schemes to improve TCP performance in PCN environment. Proc. IEEE ICC'97, 381-385, 1997 [aux timeout at sender and selective discard at base station]

... In order to solve these problems we introduce the auxiliary timeout and selective packet discard schemes. The auxiliary timeout keeps the rule of the congestion control in traditional net-works and avoids spurious retransmissions and misbehaved congestion controls by acknowledging the delayed ACK. The selective packet discard is designed to avoid retransmitting data packets that the mobile station has acknowledged or will acknowledge soon at the base station, thus saving the wireless bandwidth. ...
• S. Park, D. Cho, S. Kim. Performance improvements of TCP protocol for mobile data service. Proc. IEEE GlobeCom'97, 1871-1875, 1997 [selective duplicated packets discarding at interworking facility - iwf]

... Proposed interworking module analyzes the header information of TCP frame. If received TCP frame is a duplicated frame, TCP frame is discarded. If interworking module receives retransmission request, interworking module performs retransmission procedure. ...
• Y. Zhang, S. Dao. A ``persistent connection'' model for mobile and distributed systems. Proc. IEEE 4th ICCCN'95, 300-307, 1995

This paper describes a mechanism, called "persistent connection," to preserve stream connections after the communicating peer exits and till it restarts. ...